职称英语考试基础词汇重点解析：虚拟语气的构成及用法

　　职称英语考试基础词汇重点解析十四

　　虚拟语气的构成及用法

　　l 相关背景知识介绍

　　虚拟语气 = 虚拟(假设) + 语气

　　Bus travel now and then (2001年版C级)

　　For cities without other public transport services, if all the buses were to stop running for a day, work would come to a standstill (停止) in hundreds of offices and factories and...

　　l 虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)

　　虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式，用于表示非真实的假设，或表示命令、建议以及说话人的主观愿望，有时也有使语气缓和、委婉的作用。

　　Ⅰ、条件句中的虚拟语气

　　1.构成

　　含有条件状语从句的句子称为条件句。如果所表示的条件是真实的，或者完全可能实现的，则称为真实条件句，其主句和从句的谓语都用陈述语气，如：

　　You may spoil the work if you make the same mistake again.

　　如果条件句表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，则称为虚拟条件句，其主句和从句的谓语就要用虚拟语气。谓语形式因时间不同而有所不同。现以动词give和tell为例列表如下：

	条件从句	主句
与现在事实相反的假定	gave	should + tell would + tell
与过去事实相反的假定	had + given	should + have + told would + have + told
推测未来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的假定	should + give were to + give gave	should + tell would + tell

　　注：

　　① 在与现在事实相反的假设条件从句中谓语为be时，一般不分人称，多用过去式的复数形式were。如主语为第*、三人称单数时，也可用was (但“if I were you…”中只能用were。)

　　② 主句中第*人称常用should，第二、三人称常用would。但在美国英语中，第*人称也常用would。主句中除should, would外，还可用could, might。

　　2.用法

　　(1) 与现在事实相反的假定。如：

　　If the sun stopped radiating(放射出) heat and light, life on earth would be impossible.

　　如果太阳停止放射光和热，地球上的生命就不可能生命。

　　If I were you, I should start packing now.

　　如果我是你，我现在就动手收拾行装了。

　　(2) 与过去事实相反的假定。如：

　　If you had started your work earlier, you would have finished it.

　　如果当时你早点开始工作的话，你早就把工作完成了。

　　He would have succeeded in the Sydney Olympic Games if his courage hadn’t failed him.

　　如果他不是当时一时胆怯，他就会已经在悉尼奥运会上获胜了。

　　(3) 推测未来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的假定。如：

　　If the director came tomorrow, I would tell him about our proposal.

　　如果主任明天来，我将把我们的建议告诉他。

　　If I should live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.

　　如果我生活在二十二世纪，我将在月球上度假。

　　What would you do if war were to break out(爆发)?

　　如果战争爆发，你怎么办?

　　注：

　　①虚拟条件从句中，如谓语中有were (was), had, should等词，有时可把这些词放到主语前，并省略连词if。如上面(2)中的第*句(If you had started your work earlier, you would have finished it.) 和(3)中的第二句 (If I should live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.) 可分别改为下列形式而意思不变：

　　Had you started your work earlier, you would have finished it.

　　Should I live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.

　　②虚拟条件除用从句表示外，还可以通过介词短语等来表示，这时句中动词也用虚拟语气。如：

　　Without dust, there would be no clouds and no rain.

　　没有灰尘，不会有云，也不会有雨。

　　But for your cooperation, my business would have collapsed.

　　要不是你的合作，我经营的企业早就垮了。

　　l 虚拟语气的一些其他用法

　　1.在表示愿望、建议、要求、命令等含义的动词及其派生的同根名词后面的主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句中的谓语一般用虚拟语气，即“should +动词原形”或只用动词原形。这类从句常见的动词有：demand, desire, request, require, propose, suggest, recommend, move (提议), order, command, insist等。如：

　　e.g. It is required that the equipment should be tested again before it is actually put into operation.

　　这台设备在实际投入运行前要求再测试一次。

　　e.g. The experts recommended that highways be provided with sensors buried beneath them to emit signals to the car.

　　专家们建议在公路路面下埋置传感器使之能向汽车发出信号。

　　e.g. We all insist that we not rest until we finish the work.

　　大家都坚决要求不完工就不休息。

　　2.某些形容词后面的主语从句的谓语用虚拟语气

　　在It is necessary (important, imperative必须的，essential, advisable可取的，better)等句型中的主语从句中，谓语一般用“should +动词原形”或只用动词原形。如：

　　e.g. It is imperative that Franck do away with his bad habit.

　　弗兰克改掉他的坏习惯是必要的。

　　e.g. It is essential that men in space should take their own air with them in order to breathe.

　　太空人为了呼吸，自备氧气是必不可少的。

　　3.在wish后的宾语从句中，谓语用虚拟语气。

　　动词wish后的宾语从句，表示未实现的主观愿望。这时，宾语从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气。如：I wish I could afford a new car. 我要是能买得起一辆崭新的汽车就好了。

　　具体形式及用法如下表：

宾语从句谓语形式(例词know)	用法
过去式knew	表示现在未实现的愿望
过去完成式had known	表示过去未实现的愿望
过去将来式would know	表示将来不大可能实现的愿望

　　谓语动词be的过去时为were，适用于一切人称。例如：

　　e.g. I wish my mother were in good health.我真希望我母亲现在的身体健康。

　　4.在以as if, as though (好像，似乎)引出的与事实不符的状语从句中，谓语用虚拟语气，其形式一般用动词的过去式表示对现在情况的推测。用过去完成式表示对过去情况的推测。如：

　　e.g. The moon shines brightly, as if it gave off light by itself.

　　月亮照得很明亮，仿佛它本身发光一样。

　　e.g. I was horrified at his appearance. He looked as though he hadn’t slept for weeks.

　　他的外表吓了我一跳，看上去似乎好几个星期没睡觉。

　　注：

　　在由as if, as though引导的从句中通常用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所传述的情况实现的可能性较大，则用陈述语气。如：

　　e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain.

　　天似乎要下雨了。

　　5. 用should (would), could, might + 动词原形的形式表示委婉的虚拟语气

　　e.g. We’ll have soup to start with. What would you like after that?

　　我们首先上汤，接着你们喜欢上什么菜?

　　e.g. The expert explains that the car’s computer might reduce the car’s speed to get it out of danger.

　　专家解释说汽车上的计算机可以使减速从而避免危险。

　　6.在“it is (high, about) time+从句”中，表示早该做而没有做的事，含建议的意味，其从句谓语动词用过去式。例如：

　　Ø It’s (high) time (that) we left now.

　　现在我们该走了。

　　It’s (about) time (that) the children went to bed.

　　孩子们该上床睡觉了。

　　Ø 课堂练习：

　　1) We require that the leader ____ us immediately of any change in plans.

　　A inform B informs C informed D has informed

　　2) ____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.

　　A Had they arrived B Would they arrive C Were they arriving D Were they to arrive

　　3) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a hand.

　　A Not being B Had it not been C Without being D Not having been

　　核心词汇推荐:

　　circumstance n. 环境;境况(circumstances – environment - setting – surrounding 环境, 情况 ); (in [under] the circumstances/在这种情况下);

　　citizen n. 市民;公民;

　　city n. 城市，都市;

　　civil adj. 全民的;市民的;公民的 ;

　　claim n. (根据权利提出)要求;主张v. (根据权利)要求，主张(make a claim for/对(赔偿等)提出要求……);

　　class n. 班级;阶级;种类;(一节)课(in class/在上课中);

　　classical adj. 古典的;古典文学的;人文科学的(classical music/古典音乐; classical school/古典(经济) 学派);

　　classify (B) v. 把…分类

　　classmate n. 同学;同班同学;

　　classroom n. 教室;

　　clean adj. 清洁的，干净的v. 打扫，清扫;

　　clear adj. 清楚的，清晰的(clear – apparent清楚的，清晰的);空旷的; v. 扫除，清除;晴(clear away/清除, 消失);

　　clever adj. 机灵的，聪明的;

　　climate n. 气候(political climate/政治风气; a mild climate/温和的气候);

　　climb v. 攀登;爬;爬高(climb up[down] the hill/上[下]山);

　　clinic n. 门诊部;临床;

　　clock n. (时)钟(around the clock/日以继夜;整日整夜 (= round the clock));

　　close v. 关，关闭;结束 n. 结束 adj. 近的，紧密的;精密的;封闭的;亲密的(close down/关闭;封闭;close season/禁猎期; close to/与……接近;与……靠近;将近;在……附近);

　　cloth n. 布;织物;衣料(cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth/量布裁衣，量入为出);

　　clothes n. 衣服;[总称]被褥;各种衣服(put on [take off] one’s clothes/穿[脱]衣服);

　　clothing n. [集合词]衣服;

　　cloud n. 云;烟云;

　　cloudy adj. 多云的，阴天的;模糊的;

　　club n. 俱乐部;

　　clue (B)n. 提示，线索(clue – hint 提示，线索)

　　clumsy (A) adj. 笨拙的, 手脚不灵活的 (clumsy – awkward 笨拙的)

　　coal (A)n. 煤;煤炭;

　　coarse (B) adj. 粗的;粗糙的(coarse – rough粗糙的);未加工的(coarse– crude 未加工的);(表面)不光滑的;

　　coast n. 海岸(along the coast/沿海岸off the coast/在海面上);

　　coat: n. 上衣, (油漆等) 涂层 ; v. 给…穿上外套, 给…上涂

　　coffee: n. 咖啡

　　coin: n. 硬币

　　cold adj. 冷，寒，冻;冰凉的; 冷静的; n. 感冒，着凉，伤风 , 寒冷; (have(catch/get/ come down with) a cold 患感冒)

　　往年考题回顾:

　　变形于(CET-4, 1999,6)

　　We have been told under no ___ may we have the telephone in the office for personal affairs.

　　A. circumstances B. environment C. setting D. surroundings

　　答案A. “under no circumstances + 倒装结构” : 在任何情况下决不…

　　练习：

　　1. Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in the proper subjunctive mood and translate the sentences into Chinese.

　　1. Were there no dust, there ________ (be) either very strong sunshine that________(be) harmful to us or a black shadow in which we ________(see) nothing.

　　2. If Newton were to come alive today, he ________ (find) many things to puzzle and excite him, his first concern ________ (be) with the vast changes that have taken place in the concepts of space and time.

　　3. I propose, Mr. Chairman, that the meeting ________ (postpone) until next Thursday.

　　4. ________ I ________ (realize) what you intended, I should not have wasted my time trying to explain matters to you.

　　2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

　　1. Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.

　　2. If I were (was ) better qualifies, I would accept their offer.

　　3. Had you worked harder, you would have succeeded.

　　4. Without sunlight, animals and plants would soon die.

　　5. When we look at the sky at night, it seems as though all the stars were at the same distance.

　　6. Would it be all right if I came round at eight?

　　3. Reading comprehension

　　Taxi riding 难度：B/C级

　　In a moment of personal crisis, how much help can you expect from a New York taxi driver? I began studying this question after watching the “Taxicab Confessions (出租车实话告白/) ,” a series of documentaries (记录片)in which hidden cameras record the secrets of unsuspecting (不怀疑的)taxi riders. I found the results varied.

　　One morning I got into three different taxis and announced:” Well, it’s my first day back in New York in seven years. I’ve been in prison.” Not a single driver relied, so I tried again. ”Yeah, I shot a man in Reno,” I explained, hoping the drive would ask me why, so I could say casually,” Just to watch him die.” But nobody asked. The only response came from a Ghanaian driver: “ Reno? That is in Nevada?”

　　Taxi drivers were uniformly sympathetic when I said I’d just been fired. “ This is America,” a Haitian driver said. “ One door is closed. Another is open.” He argued against my plan to burn down my boss’s house:” If you do something silly and they put you away, you cannot look for anther job.” A Pakistani driver even turned down a chance to profit from my loss of hope: he refused to take me to the middle of the George Washington Bridge, a $20 trip. “Why you want to go there? Go home and relax. Don’t worry. Take a new job.”

　　One very hot weekday in July, While wearing a red ski mask and holding a stuffed pillowcase with the word “BANK” on it, I tried hailing a taxi five times out side different banks. The drive picked me up every time. My ride with Guy-Caaude Thevenain, a Haitian driver, was typical of the superb assistance I received.

　　“Is anyone following us?”

　　“No,” said the driver, looking in his rearview mirror at traffic and me.

　　“Let’s go across the park,” I said.” I just robbed the bank there. I got $25,000.”

　　“$25,000?” he asked.

　　“No, man. I work 8 hours and I don’t make almost $70. If I can do that, I do it too.”

　　As we approached 86th and Lexington, I pointed the Chemical Bank.

　　“Hey, there’s another bank,” I said,” could you wait here a minute while I go inside?”

　　“No, I can’t wait, Pay me now.” His reluctance may have had something to do with money----taxi drivers think the rate for waiting time is too low---- but I think he wanted me to learn that even a bank robber can’t expect unconditional support.

　　练习：

　　1. From the Ghanaian driver’s response, we can infer that

　　A) he was indifferent to the killing

　　B) he was afraid of the author

　　C) he looked down upon the author

　　D) he thought the author was crazy

　　2. Why did the Pakistani driver refuse to take the author to the middle of the George Washington Bridge?

　　A) Because he didn’t want to help the author get over his career crisis.

　　B) Because he wanted to go home his relax.

　　C) Because it was far away from his home.

　　D) Because he suspected that the author was going to commit suicide.

　　3. What is the author’s interpretation of the driver’s reluctance” to wait outside the Chemical bank”?

　　A) The driver thought that the rate for waiting time was too low.

　　B) The driver thought it wrong to support a taxi rider unconditionally.

　　C) The driver was frightened and wanted to leave him as soon as possible.

　　D) The driver wanted to go home and relax.

　　4. Which of the following statements is true about New York taxi drivers?

　　A) They are ready to help you do whatever you want to.

　　B) They refuse to pock up those who would kill themselves.

　　C) They are sympathetic with those who are out of work.

　　D) They work only for money.

　　5. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　A) How to make taxi riders comfortable

　　B) How to deal with taxi riders.

　　C) The attitudes of taxi towards the taxi riders having personal cries.

　　D) The attitudes of taxi drivers towards violent criminals.

　　参考答案：

　　1. Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in the proper subjunctive mood and translate the sentences into Chinese.

　　1. would be, would be, would see

　　如果没有尘土的话，就或者会有对我们有害的强烈的阳光，或者会有一个黑色的阴影，在这个阴影中我们什么也看不见。

　　2. would find, would be

　　如果牛顿今天还活着的话，他将发现很多让他吃惊又困惑的事情。他首先关注的将会是在时间和空间概念上发生的巨大的变化。

　　3. be postponed

　　先生，我建议把会议推迟到下周四。

　　4. had, realized

　　如果我当时意识到的你的目的的话，我就不会浪费时间来给你解释了。

　　2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

　　1.如果你不需要我们代理给你打电话，请让我们知道。

　　2.如果我能更好地胜任的话，我就申请那份工作了。

　　3.如果你当时工作更努力的话，你早就成功了。

　　4.如果没有阳光，动植物就会很快死亡。

　　5.我们晚上看天空时，看起来似乎所有的星星都处于离我们同样的距离。

　　6. 如果我在八点左右来可以吗?

　　3. Reading comprehension

　　1. A。分析：利用题干中的核心结构Ghanaian driver’s response,作为答案线索，注意该题考察考生的推断能力。

　　2. D。分析：利用题干中的核心结构Pakistani driver和the middle of the George Washington Bridge作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：

　　A Pakistani driver even turned down a chance to profit from my loss of hope: he refused to take me to the middle of the George Washington Bridge, a $20 trip. “Why you want to go there? Go home and relax . Don’t worry. Take a new job.”

　　3. B。分析：利用题干中的核心结构Chemical bank作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：

　　“Hey, there’s another bank,” I said,” could you wait here a minute while I go inside?”

　　“No, I can’t wait, Pay me now.” His reluctance may have had something to do with money----taxi drivers think the rate for waiting time is too low---- but I think (对应题干中的interpretation，确认该句就是答案的中心)he wanted me to learn that even a bank robber can’t expect unconditional support.

　　4. C。分析：利用题干中的核心结构New York taxi drivers作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：(在文章开头)

　　In a moment of personal crisis, how much help can you expect from a New York taxi driver?

　　再根据解答前面的问题所获得的对全文部分内容的把握，对备选项进行一一分析，筛选，最终确认答案为C。其实文章中第3段第1句话：Taxi drivers were uniformly (一律地)sympathetic when I said I’d just been fired.已经明确的点明了该题的答案。

　　5. C。对被选项进行分析(该题问及文章的中心，对于这样的题注意利用排除法解答问题。)，判断答案为C。

　　A How to make taxi riders comfortable(“comfortable”或其近义词的使用在文章并没有看见)

　　B How to deal with taxi riders.(借助解答前面的题判断文章重要是在讨论纽约出租汽车司机的对作者设置的各种情景的反应问题，因此判断该项不是答案)

　　C The attitudes of taxi towards the taxi riders having personal cries.

　　D The attitudes of taxi drivers towards violent criminals.(violent criminals只是汽车司机提到的一个例子，因此不是中心)